Implementation
4 Versions, Unique Improvements
SpiralPanels realized its model through 3D design, hardware engineering, and software programming. Collaborating with labs in Kyungpook and Keimyung University, SpiralPanels was able to create its fully functional prototype in 4 versions.
Version 1
Version 2
In the second model, we converted the first model’s structure into a design that can actually be 3D-printed.
We also added four support pillars to each layer to improve the model’s stability.
In the initial model, we built a 3D model of SpiralPanels, including its main axis and the arrangement of the reflective panels.
This early model illustrated how the structure operates and outlined its overall form.
Version 3
Version 4
In the third model, after building the second version, we 3D-printed it and tested each component in real conditions.
Based on the testing results, we identified errors and areas for improvement and refined the design—such as reducing the thickness of the reflective panels and precisely adjusting hole sizes.
In the fourth model, we reduced the overall weight, addressing a key issue from the third model.
In particular, to minimize the electricity needed to rotate the reflective panels, we kept only the minimal necessary frame structure.
Real-World Experiment
In the fifth model, the prototype, after 3D-printing the fourth model, we installed an aluminum reflective film and a 10 cm² solar panel.
We then connected an Arduino servo motor and control board to apply the calculated rotation rates, creating a functional prototype capable of rotation and electricity generation.
We conducted an experiment to compare the SpiralPanels model with traditional single-layer PV panels. We covered the top of prototype to test if the model properly compensates the shadow, and compared the electricity output on a sunny day.
Total System Output:
4-6X
Using single-layer results under shading conditions, the projected 8-layer SpiralPanels system produces 16.9–27.2 Wh (median 21.8 Wh). A conventional single-layer panel is estimated at 3.42–5.33 Wh , meaning SpiralPanels delivers roughly 4–6× higher total output due to its vertical stacking and integrated reflective panels.
Footprint-Normalized Total System Output:
2.5-4.0X
Based on the 8-layer total output, SpiralPanels is estimated to generate 3.96–6.39 W per m² of footprint (median ≈ 5.13 W/m²). For the same footprint, a conventional single-layer solar system produces 1.26–1.97 W/m² (median ≈ 1.60 W/m²). Even after normalizing by usable installation area, SpiralPanels is predicted to deliver about 2.5–4.0× higher power output per footprint than a standard single-layer system.
Net Energy Output:
4.8-5.0X
The net energy output can be compared by subtracting the actuation system’s electricity use from total generation. Assuming ~360°/day cumulative panel rotation, actuation consumption is estimated at 0.03–0.75 Wh. Even after this deduction, the 8-layer SpiralPanels produces 21.0–21.8 Wh versus ~4.33 Wh for a conventional single-layer panel—about 4.8–5.0× higher net energy output.
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